Russian intelligence services remain the main espionage threat to European security. This is the conclusion reached by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) in its new report, “Spies Among Us: Espionage in Europe.”
Analysts examined 70 cases of espionage convictions in 20 European countries between 2008 and 2024. In two-thirds of the cases (47 out of 70), the intelligence activities were carried out in Russia’s interests. China ranks second, with six cases, followed by Iran and other countries.
Most of the exposed agents operated in the Baltic states, particularly Estonia. The researchers note that this is likely just the tip of the iceberg: many cases remain unsolved or are resolved without public trials.
“Espionage has become an integral part of the European security landscape,” the report emphasizes. “We identified ten different types of spies and analyzed their motivations. Russia remains the defining threat in this area.”
The report was commissioned by three key Swedish agencies: the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO), the Swedish Signals Intelligence Agency (FRA), and the Defence Intelligence and Security Service (MUST).
FOI experts note a growing complexity in the espionage landscape: alongside traditional agents, disposable agents recruited through social media and Telegram are increasingly being used, as well as hybrid methods combining intelligence, sabotage, and information operations.