Refugees’ contribution to Poland’s GDP outstripped official aid to Ukraine

Former Polish ambassador to Ukraine (2001–2005) Marek Ziółkowski has challenged official narratives around Warsaw’s support for Kyiv in a report titled “Polish Aid to Ukraine: Bare Facts and a Bitter Diagnosis,” prepared for the Stefan Batory Foundation. Ziółkowski acknowledges that Poland’s assistance after Russia’s full-scale invasion was substantial and unprecedented,…